Incrimination | No Trace Project

Contents

Description
Techniques

In order to arrest you and remove you from society — usually through imprisonment — an adversary may need to convince a judge of your illicit activities. To this end, the relevant authorities will attempt to find evidence of these activites. Depending on the context and people involved, judges may be more or less easy to convince. We call this process incrimination.

Techniques

Name		Description
Biased interpretation of evidence		Biased interpretation of evidence is the practice of interpreting evidence in favor of a particular point of view.
Covert house visit		A covert house visit is a discreet visit of a residence conducted by an adversary when the occupants are not present.
Covert surveillance devices		Covert surveillance devices are electronic devices hidden by an adversary to collect data: audio, video, and location data.
	Audio	Covert audio surveillance devices are electronic devices, typically microphones, hidden by an adversary to collect audio data.
	Location	Covert location surveillance devices are electronic devices hidden by an adversary to collect location data.
	Video	Covert video surveillance devices are electronic devices, typically cameras, hidden by an adversary to collect video data.
Detection dogs		Detection dogs are dogs that have been trained by an adversary to detect certain substances, primarily through their sense of smell.
Door knocks		Door knocks are when an adversary comes knocking where you live to intimidate you or get information. Door knocks aim to intimidate or create paranoia, to see who is willing to talk and possibly be recruited as an informant, and to gather information from the people who do talk.
Evidence fabrication		Evidence fabrication is the creation of fake evidence, or the falsification of real evidence, to incriminate a target.
Forensics		Forensics is the application of science to investigations for the collection, preservation, and analysis of evidence. It has a broad focus: DNA analysis, fingerprint analysis, bloodstain pattern analysis, firearms examination and ballistics, toolmark analysis, serology, toxicology, hair and fiber analysis, footwear and tire tread analysis, drug chemistry, paint and glass analysis, linguistics, digital audio, video, and photographic analysis, etc.
	Arson	Arson forensics (also known as fire investigation) is the application of science to the investigation of arson. Arson forensics has two distinct phases: fire scene investigation, which focuses on evidence at the scene of the fire, and fire debris analysis, which focuses on evidence removed from the scene and analyzed in a laboratory.
	Ballistics	Ballistic forensics (also known as firearm examination) is the application of science to the investigation of firearms and bullets. When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun leaves microscopic marks on the bullet and cartridge case. These marks are like ballistic fingerprints.
	Digital	Digital forensics is the retrieval, storage, and analysis of electronic data that can be useful in investigations. This includes information from computers, phones, hard drives, and other data storage devices.
	DNA	DNA forensics (also known as DNA analysis) is the collection, storage, and analysis of DNA traces for the purpose of matching DNA traces to individuals.
	Facial recognition	Facial recognition is the analysis of the features of human faces for the purpose of matching one face to another.
	Fingerprints	Fingerprint forensics is the collection, storage and analysis of the impressions left by the ridges of human fingers.
	Gait recognition	Gait recognition is the analysis of the walking style and pace of individuals, for the purpose of matching one walking style and pace to another.
	Handwriting analysis	Handwriting analysis is the analysis of handwriting samples, typically for the purpose of matching one sample to another.
	Linguistics	Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic knowledge to identify the author of a text or the person behind a voice. Author identification (also called stylometry) is based on the analysis of certain patterns of language use: vocabulary, collocations, spelling, grammar, etc. Voice identification is based on speech sounds (phonetics) and the acoustic qualities of the voice.
	Trace evidence	Trace evidence is the tiny fragments of physical evidence that can be transferred between objects, or between objects and the environment. This transfer can occur when two objects touch, or when small particles are dispersed by an action or movement. Trace evidence can be analyzed to establish links between people, objects, and places.
House raid		A house raid is a surprise visit of a residence conducted by an adversary to seize items, arrest occupants of the residence, or install cover surveillance devices.
ID checks		An ID check (short for identity check) is the process by which the State verifies a person's identity by asking them for their personal information, requiring them to produce a government-issued ID document, or taking their biometric information (face photograph, fingerprints, DNA) and comparing it against a database. An ID check can be a pretext for questioning and pressuring, and can be followed by a search of the person's belongings.
Infiltrators		An infiltrator is someone who infiltrates a group or network by posing as someone they are not in order to gain information or destabilize the group or network. They may come from police, intelligence or military forces, from a private company or contractor, or they may act for ideological reasons or under duress (e.g., they are told they will be imprisoned if they don't work as an infiltrator).
Informants		An informant (or snitch) is someone from inside a group or network recruited by an adversary to provide information on the group or network.
International cooperation		International cooperation is the exchange of information between law enforcement and intelligence agencies of different countries.
Interrogation techniques		Interrogation techniques are the methods used by an adversary to obtain information from people during interrogations.
Mass surveillance		Mass surveillance is the large-scale surveillance of an entire or substantial portion of a population. It is the surveillance baseline of our society.
	Civilian snitches	Civilian snitches are people who are not part of an adversary's security force, but who would inform the adversary if they saw something suspicious.
	Mass digital surveillance	Mass digital surveillance is the large-scale collection, storage, and analysis of the digital communications of an entire or substantial portion of a population.
	Police files	Police files are physical or digital records maintained by law enforcement agencies. Police files contain vast amounts of data about many things, are kept indefinitely or for long periods of time, and can be efficiently analyzed and cross-referenced using digital tools.
	Video surveillance	Mass video surveillance (also known as close-circuit television, or CCTV) is the large-scale collection, storage and analysis of video and audio data from video surveillance cameras. Mass video surveillance aims to capture the identity of people who pass through a space and to extend its coverage to as much space as possible. Some countries now have more surveillance cameras than citizens.
Network mapping		Network mapping is the process by which an adversary gains insight into the organization and social relationships of a given network. By gaining this insight, an adversary can select individuals for additional scrutiny, arrest, or recruitment as informants.
Open-source intelligence		Open-source intelligence (OSINT) is the collection and analysis of data from open sources (social medias, news media, blogs, forums, public records…).
Parallel construction		Parallel construction is the unlawful law enforcement process of building a parallel, or separate, evidentiary basis for an investigation in order to conceal how an investigation was actually conducted.
Physical surveillance		Physical surveillance is the direct observation of people or activities for the purpose of gathering information. A physical surveillance operation is typically conducted by one or more surveillance teams, which consist of specially trained personnel called surveillance operators.
	Aerial	Aerial physical surveillance is the direct observation of people or activities from the air for the purpose of gathering information. In many countries, helicopters have traditionally been the predominant tool for this purpose. As drones become less expensive, their use is becoming more common. Surveillance planes are also occasionally used and are much more covert than helicopters.
	Covert	Covert physical surveillance is the direct observation of people or activities when the surveillance operators do not want to be detected by their targets.
	Overt	Overt physical surveillance is the direct observation of people or activities when the surveillance operators intend to be, or do not mind being, detected by their targets. This is common practice at demonstrations and gatherings to identify participants, whether to facilitate network mapping or to incriminate individuals for actions carried out during the demonstration.
Physical violence		Physical violence is the use of physical force by an adversary to intimidate a target or its network, incapacitate a target, or coerce a target into revealing information.
Police patrols		Police patrols are the law enforcement practice of traversing a particular area to monitor and secure it. Police may conduct patrols either as a routine operation or in response to a perceived threat in an area.
Service provider collaboration		Service provider collaboration is the process by which an entity that has information about you because it provides a service to you provides that information to an adversary. Service provider collaboration can provide both current and historical information.
	Mobile network operators	Mobile network operators can provide information about you to an adversary.
	Other	Service providers other than mobile network operators can provide information about you to an adversary.
Targeted digital surveillance		Targeted digital surveillance is the targeted collection and analysis of digital data and communications.
	Authentication bypass	Authentication bypass is the process by which an adversary bypasses the Full Disk Encryption that protects access to a digital device. An adversary can achieve authentication bypass through human error, weak passwords, or technical exploits.
	IMSI-catcher	An IMSI-catcher (also known as a Stingray) is a device used to collect information about all mobile phones that are turned on in a limited area (from a few meters to several hundred meters) around it. A passive IMSI-catcher simply listens to the traffic, while an active IMSI-catcher acts as a “fake” cell tower between the phones and the legitimate cell towers.
	Malware	Malware is malicious software installed on a digital device such as a computer, server, or mobile phone, to compromise the device. Malware can do many different things, but against anarchists and other rebels, it typically aims to gain visibility into the compromised device through remote screen capture and remote keylogging (recording the keys pressed on a keyboard), and to track the location of the device (in the case of phones).
	Network forensics	Network forensics is the monitoring and analysis of network traffic.
	Physical access	Physical access is the process by which an adversary physically accesses an electronic device in order to access its data or compromise it.